• Lipotoxicity is the accumulation of excess lipids in

  2024-04-12

  

  Lipotoxicity is the accumulation of excess lipids in non-adipose tissues that leads to cell dysfunction or cell death. It may play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes, and contributes to the rate of progression of CKD [7,8]. Emerging evidence indicates that renal lipid dysregulation is

• br Adenosine and tumor microenvironment In

  2024-04-12

  

  Adenosine and tumor microenvironment In the majority of carcinogenic processes a proinflammatory state is generated [36], [37]. In addition, a tumor hypoxic environment is generally due to inadequate perfusion of oxygen to the tumor [38]. Immunomodulators are molecules that regulate the immune r

• br Introduction Fungi are an inexhaustible source of natural

  2024-04-12

  

  Introduction Fungi are an inexhaustible source of natural products mainly due to their wide distribution in the nature, estimated to range from 1.5 to 5.1 million species in the world [1]. Secondary metabolites from fungi represent a substantial fraction of drugs and drug models in pharmaceutical

• The putative residue apelin proprotein proapelin

  2024-04-11

  

  The putative 55-residue apelin proprotein (proapelin or apelin-55) is processed from a 77-residue preproprotein through removal of a 22-residue signal peptide (Table 1). Apelin-55 is further processed into bioactive isoforms of 36, 17, or 13 residues, likely through protease-mediated mechanisms. To

• Besides the described changes in protein expression and

  2024-04-11

  

  Besides the described changes in protein expression and thus in current amplitudes, 1080 6 of PORCN also leads to accelerated decay kinetics of evoked and spontaneous AMPAR currents. These changes in channel kinetics are most likely a secondary effect due to the selective depletion of γ-8 but not γ

• ALK fusion positive NSCLC is clinically actionable because i

  2024-04-11

  

  ALK fusion-positive NSCLC is clinically actionable because it can be targeted by several FDA-approved drugs, including the first generation TKI crizotinib, which is a dual inhibitor to MET and ALK [15], and the second generation inhibitors, alectinib and ceritinib, both of which are highly-selective

• Introduction Aldose reductase ALR is the first enzyme

  2024-04-11

  

  Introduction Aldose reductase (ALR2) is the first enzyme of the polyol pathway that catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol utilizing NADPH as a cofactor. The intracellular accumulation of sorbitol, due to increased aldose reductase activity at high blood glucose levels, such as those occurr

• Vortioxetine is a multimodal antidepressant that acts

  2024-04-10

  

  Vortioxetine is a multimodal antidepressant that acts as an inhibitor at the serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT), an agonist at 5-HT1A receptors, a partial agonist at 5-HT1B receptors, and an antagonist at 5-HT1D, 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 receptors (Bang-Andersen et al., 2011, Sanchez et al., 2015). Based on

• The obtained results indicate that even when the impairment

  2024-04-10

  

  The obtained results indicate that even when the impairment of the same forms of memory are present, amnesia can develop in different ways. Impairment of memory reconsolidation in the conditioned food aversion model through both the serotonin receptor antagonist and the antagonist of NMDA glutamate

• Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide PACAP

  2024-04-10

  

  Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a member of the secretin/growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)/vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) family, with potent anti-inflammatory and potent cytoprotective properties [[6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13]]. PACAP exists as

• Several reports of single cases of MG

  2024-04-10

  

  Several reports of single cases of MG patients treated with Rituximab have claimed a favourable response (Baek et al., 2007, Gajra et al., 2004, Hain et al., 2006, Thakre et al., 2007, Wylam et al., 2003, Zaja et al., 2000). We report our experience with Rituximab in 6 patients with severe MG, 3 pa

• Introduction Myasthenia gravis MG is an autoimmune

  2024-04-10

  

  Introduction Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness, which is mainly due to autoantibodies reducing the number or function of postsynaptic Regorafenib hydrochloride receptors (AChRs) [1], [2]. Animal models have been developed to uncover the immunopathoge

• The GRAVY value for a protein is

  2024-04-10

  

  The GRAVY value for a protein is calculated as the sum of hydropathy values of all the amino acids, divided by the number of residues in the sequence (Kyte and Doolittle, 1982). According to Kyte and Doolittle (1982) integral membrane proteins typically have higher GRAVY scores than do globular prot

• While it is known that circulating LDL

  2024-04-10

  

  While it is known that circulating LDL-C levels are largely regulated by either controlling the rate of hepatic production of its triglyceride-rich precursor VLDL particle or the rate of LDLR-mediated LDL particle clearance [58], it should be noted that important differences exist between rodents an

• ATM is required for the proper

  2024-04-10

  

  ATM is required for the proper function of the DNA-repair pathway in response to bleomycin-induced DNA damage in mammalian cells [55], [56]. Recent reports suggest that ATM activation by double-strand breaks leads to the subsequent ATR activation [57], [58], [59]. The recruitment of ATR to double-st

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